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[]
[null,"Maximizing the Odds of Pregnancy with Artificial Insemination"]
[null,"A Sperm Loss & Pregnancy Probability Calculator"]
[]
[null,"Bryan Reiling*, David Grieger**, Andrea Cupp*, and Landon Tadich*\n*University of Nebraska-Lincoln, **Kansas State University"]
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[null,"This tool was developed as part of an inquiry-based learning activity, designed to introduce students to reproductive biology as they simultaneously learn the basic steps associated with artificial insemination."]
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[null,"General Instructions:"]
[null,"\n1) Enable MACROS.  There are 2 macros within this workbook that will allow you to clear answers associated with 1) to clear inputs associated with AI Technique, and 3) to clearn inputs associated with biology.  To activiate either of these macros, simply push the appropriate button that can be found at the top of the AI Technique or Biology worksheets.\n"]
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[null,"Instructions & Comments:  AI Technique"]
[null,"\n1) Answer questions by clicking the button associated with your response.\n2) No responses will be released until after all questions have been answered.\n3) Your goal is to maximize the number of spermatazoa reaching the fertilized egg, which will equate to a 60% conception rate.  \n"]
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[null,"Instructions: Biology"]
[null,"\n1) Once the AI Technique page is completed, go to the Biology workpage.  \n2) Results associated with your selected answers to the various questions are shown on the top of both worksheets.  \n3) On the biology page, you will answer questions regarding the biological state of the cow you planned to artificially inseminate.\n4) Provided the AI Technique worksheet is complete, the biolgoy worksheet will return the probability of pregnancy based on the number of spermatazoa reaching the egg (based on AI technique) and the biological state you selected for each question.\n5) After ansering all questions (for both AI technique and biological state), try to determine how the probability of pregnancy could be improved and hypothesize the biological basis for those high or low chances of pregnancy.\n"]
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[null,"Disclaimer:  This is an EDUCATIONAL tool ONLY.  It is not designed to provide absolute values for the purpose of making managerial decisions related to reproductive performance in cattle."]
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[]
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[null,"Funded by a USDA-NIFA-PDAL grant, Award Number 2021-67037-34298, Program A7501."]

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[]
[null,"Maximizing the Odds of Pregnancy with Artificial Insemination"]
[]
[]
[null,"Number of STARTING sperm (in the straw):",20000000]
[null,"Number of sperm projected to reach the OVULATING egg, in utero:",{"$f":"IF(K62<8,\"Check Answers\",H58)","v":94.5}]
[null,"Probability of Pregnancy",{"$f":"IF(C6=\"Check Answers\",\"Check Answers\",H62)","v":8.7499999999999991E-3}]
[null,"Probability of pregnancy, based on day of the estrous cycle",{"$f":"IF($C$6=\"Check Answers\",\"\",Biology!D16)","v":8.7499999999999991E-3},"Strive to have all values be the same, and to equal your maximal probability of pregnancy."]
[null,"Probability of Pregnancy, based on behavioral indicators",{"$f":"IF($C$6=\"Check Answers\",\"\",Biology!D24)","v":8.7499999999999991E-3}]
[null,"Probability of Pregnancy, based on hormone profile",{"$f":"IF($C$6=\"Check Answers\",\"\",Biology!D31)","v":8.7499999999999991E-3},null,null,null,"To be HIDDEN in the Final Copy"]
[null,"Probability of Pregnancy based on ovarian structures",{"$f":"IF($C$6=\"Check Answers\",\"\",Biology!D38)","v":8.7499999999999991E-3}]
[]
[null,"Decision","Select\nAnswer","% Sperm\nLoss","# Sperm\nRemaining",null,null,"# Sperm\nRemaining","% Sperm\nLoss","% Loss values\nfor each answer","Student Selected\nAnswer","% Preg values\nfor each answer","Notes/References","Links"]
[null,"1)  Using a water bath, at what temperature should you thaw the semen?"]
[null,"A)  75oF",null,{"$f":"IF(C6=\"Check Answers\",\"\",I15)","v":75},{"$f":"IF(C6=\"Check Answers\",\"\",H15)","v":5000000},null,null,{"$f":"IF(K15=\"\",\"\",C5-(I15*C5/100))","v":5000000},{"$f":"IF(K15=\"\",\"\",CHOOSE(K15,J15,J16,J17,J18))","v":75},85,2,null,"Akers, et al (n.d.)","https://blogs.mcm.edu/STEMsuccess/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Abilene-Team-Expert-AI-Research-Article_Akers.pdf"]
[null,"B)  85oF",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,75]
[null,"C)  95oF",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,60,null,null,"Akers, et al (n.d.)","https://blogs.mcm.edu/STEMsuccess/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Abilene-Team-Expert-AI-Research-Article_Akers.pdf"]
[null,"D)  105oF",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,90]
[]
[]
[null,"2)  Loading the Insemination Gun\n      Does the water need to be wiped off the straw?"]
[null,"A)  Yes",null,{"$f":"IF(C6=\"Check Answers\",\"\",I22)","v":10},{"$f":"IF(C6=\"Check Answers\",\"\",H22)","v":4500000},null,null,{"$f":"IF(K22=\"\",\"\",H15-(I22*H15/100))","v":4500000},{"$f":"IF(K22=\"\",\"\",CHOOSE(K22,J22,J23))","v":10},0,2]
[null,"B)  No",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,10]
[]
[]
[null,"Loading the Insemination Gun\n3) Should one \"shake down\" the straw?"]
[null,"A)  Yes",null,{"$f":"IF(C6=\"Check Answers\",\"\",I27)","v":0},{"$f":"IF(C6=\"Check Answers\",\"\",H27)","v":4500000},null,null,{"$f":"IF(K27=\"\",\"\",H22-(I27*H22/100))","v":4500000},{"$f":"IF(K27=\"\",\"\",CHOOSE(K27,J27,J28))","v":0},0,1]
[null,"B)  No",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,10]
[]
[]
[null,"Loading the Insemination Gun\n4) At what end should the straw be cut?"]
[null,"A)  Crimped end",null,{"$f":"IF(C6=\"Check Answers\",\"\",I32)","v":70},{"$f":"IF(C6=\"Check Answers\",\"\",H32)","v":1350000},null,null,{"$f":"IF(K32=\"\",\"\",H27-(I32*H27/100))","v":1350000},{"$f":"IF(K32=\"\",\"\",CHOOSE(K32,J32,J33))","v":70},0,2]
[null,"B)  Plugged end",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,70]
[]
[]
[null,"5)  Loading the Insemination Gun\n      How much of the straw should be cut off?"]
[null,"A)  To the 1/4 inch mark",null,{"$f":"IF(C6=\"Check Answers\",\"\",I37)","v":30},{"$f":"IF(C6=\"Check Answers\",\"\",H37)","v":945000},null,null,{"$f":"IF(K37=\"\",\"\",H32-(I37*H32/100))","v":945000},{"$f":"IF(K37=\"\",\"\",CHOOSE(K37,J37,J38,J39,J40))","v":30},30,1]
[null,"B)  To the 3/8 inch mark",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0]
[null,"C)  To the 1/2 inch mark",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0]
[null,"D)  To the 1-inch mark",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,30]
[]
[]
[null,"6)  Loading the Insemination Gun\n      How should the properly loaded AI gun be transported to the cow?\n      Note - Let's assume the outside air temperature is 50o F"]
[null,"A)  In your back pocket",null,{"$f":"IF(C6=\"Check Answers\",\"\",I44)","v":50},{"$f":"IF(C6=\"Check Answers\",\"\",H44)","v":472500},null,null,{"$f":"IF(K44=\"\",\"\",H37-(I44*H37/100))","v":472500},{"$f":"IF(K44=\"\",\"\",CHOOSE(K44,J44,J45,J46,J47))","v":50},50,1]
[null,"B)  In your shirt, next to the skin",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,10]
[null,"C) Place in \"coffee-hot\" thermous or water jacket",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,90]
[null,"D) Simply carry it in your hand",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,50]
[]
[]
[null,"7)  Hands-on Insemination:  \"Got cows to breed, and we don't have all day\"\n      Thus, you have 1 minute to thread the AI gun through the cervix.\n      When done, observe to see how far you got, and select your progress."]
[null,"A)  AI rod was more than 1 inch past the anterior end of the cervix\n(i.e., in the uterine horn)",null,{"$f":"IF(C6=\"Check Answers\",\"\",I51)","v":80},{"$f":"IF(C6=\"Check Answers\",\"\",H51)","v":94500},null,null,{"$f":"IF(K51=\"\",\"\",H44-(I51*H44/100))","v":94500},{"$f":"IF(K51=\"\",\"\",CHOOSE(K51,J51,J52,J53,J54))","v":80},20,4]
[null,"B)  AI rod was 1 inch or less past the anterior end of the cervix\n(i.e., in the uterine body)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,10]
[null,"C)  AI rod was passes at least half way through the cervix, but not all the way\n(2 marks visible on sheath) ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,70]
[null,"D)  AI rod was inserted into cervix, but was passed less than half way through\n(1 mark visible on sheath) ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,80]
[]
[]
[null,"8) Natural death loss of sperm cells in the reproductive tract … 99.9%!\n     Sorry, but you cannot change this number"]
[null,"A)  ONLY 0.1% of all sperm cells are capable of reaching and fertilizing the egg!",null,null,{"$f":"IF(C6=\"check answers\",\"\",H58)","v":94.5},null,null,{"$f":"IF(K58=\"\",\"\",H51-(I58*H51/100))","v":94.5},{"$f":"IF(K58=\"\",\"\",(IF(K58=1,J58)))","v":99.9},99.9,1]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,"MAX =",6480]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,"% of MAX Sperm = ",{"$f":"IF(H58=\"\",\"\",H58/H59)","v":1.4583333333333334E-2}]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,"Max Preg Rage =",0.6]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,"Probability",{"$f":"IF(H60=\"\",\"\",H60*H61)","v":8.7499999999999991E-3},"# of Answers Selected",null,{"$f":"COUNTA(K58,K51,K44,K37,K32,K27,K22,K15)","v":8}]

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[]
[null,"Maximizing the Odds of Pregnancy with Artificial Insemination"]
[]
[]
[null,"Number of STARTING sperm (in the straw):",{"$f":"AITechnique!C5","v":20000000}]
[null,"Number of sperm projected to reach the OVULATING egg, in utero:",{"$f":"AITechnique!C6","v":94.5}]
[null,"Probability of Pregnancy",{"$f":"AITechnique!C7","v":8.7499999999999991E-3}]
[null,"Probability of pregnancy, based on day of the estrous cycle",{"$f":"AITechnique!C8","v":8.7499999999999991E-3}]
[null,"Probability of Pregnancy, based on behavioral indicators",{"$f":"AITechnique!C9","v":8.7499999999999991E-3}]
[null,"Probability of Pregnancy, based on hormone profile",{"$f":"AITechnique!C10","v":8.7499999999999991E-3}]
[null,"Probability of Pregnancy based on ovarian structures",{"$f":"AITechnique!C11","v":8.7499999999999991E-3}]
[]
[null,"Although you've determined the number of viable sperm that should reach the ovulated egg, based on your ability to properly handle and deliver the semen.  The probability of pregnancy depends on proper timing and the reproductive state of the cow.  With the next four questions, you will attempt to identify the proper day of the estrous cycle, behavioral signs, hormonal profile, and reproductive structures that should be present in cows to maximize the probability of pregnancy.  If you did everything right in regards to AI technique, you should strive for a 60% pregnancy rate.",null,null,null,null,"To be HIDDEN in the Final Copy"]
[null,"Decision","Select\nAnswer","% Pregnancy",null,null,"% Preg, adjusted for\n# sperm reaching egg","% Preg, with max\nsperm reaching egg","% Preg values\nfor each answer","Student Selected\nAnswer","Notes/References","Links"]
[null,"A cow possesses a recurring 21-day estrous cycle.  On what day of the estrous cycle, should the cow be bred to maximize the probability of pregnancy?"]
[null,"A) Day 0, breed immediately upon seeing telltale signs of estrous behavior",null,{"$f":"G16","v":8.7499999999999991E-3},null,null,{"$f":"IF(AITechnique!$H$60=\"\",\"\",IF(J16=\"\",\"\",H16*AITechnique!$H$60))","v":8.7499999999999991E-3},{"$f":"IF(J16=\"\",\"\",CHOOSE(J16,I16,I17,I18,I19,I20,I21)/100)","v":0.6},45,2]
[null,"B) Day 0, breed 12 hrs after seeing telltale signs of estrous behavior ",null,null,null,null,null,null,60]
[null,"C)  Day 1, breed 24 hrs after seeing telltale signs of estrous behavior",null,null,null,null,null,null,20]
[null,"D) Day 5, breed 5 days after seeing telltale signs of estrous behavior ",null,null,null,null,null,null,0]
[null,"E) Day 10, breed 10 days after seeing telltale signs of estrous behavior",null,null,null,null,null,null,0]
[null,"F) Day 20, breed 12 hrs BEFORE you expect to see telltale signs of estrous behavior",null,null,null,null,null,null,10]
[]
[null,"What behavioral signs best indicate that a cow is in estrus.  The associated probability of pregnancy is associated with these signs providing clear indication for the proper timing of breeding."]
[null,"A) Cow has no interest in the bull or other cows.",null,{"$f":"G24","v":8.7499999999999991E-3},null,null,{"$f":"IF(AITechnique!$H$60=\"\",\"\",IF(J24=\"\",\"\",H24*AITechnique!$H$60))","v":8.7499999999999991E-3},{"$f":"IF(J24=\"\",\"\",CHOOSE(J24,I24,I25,I26,I27,I28)/100)","v":0.6},0,4]
[null,"B) Cow sniffs vulva of other cows.",null,null,null,null,null,null,10]
[null,"C) Cow exhibits mucous discharge from the vulva, and she is riding other cows.",null,null,null,null,null,null,20]
[null,"D) Cow stands to be mounted by other cows.",null,null,null,null,null,null,60]
[null,"E) Cow exhibits a bloody discharge from vulva, attempts to walk away when mounted.",null,null,null,null,null,null,0]
[]
[null,"What hormone profile should be present within the cow at the time of breeding to maximize the probability of pregnancy?"]
[null,"A) Progesterone levels are slowly increasing, and Estrogen has fallen to low levels",null,{"$f":"G31","v":8.7499999999999991E-3},null,null,{"$f":"IF(AITechnique!$H$60=\"\",\"\",IF(J31=\"\",\"\",H31*AITechnique!$H$60))","v":8.7499999999999991E-3},{"$f":"IF(J31=\"\",\"\",CHOOSE(J31,I31,I32,I33,I34,I35)/100)","v":0.6},20,5]
[null,"B) Progesterone is high, Estrogen is low",null,null,null,null,null,null,0]
[null,"C) Progesterone levels have peaked, and Estrogen is low",null,null,null,null,null,null,0]
[null,"D) Progesterone levels are falling and Estrogen levels are rising",null,null,null,null,null,null,10]
[null,"E) Progesterone levels are low, and Estrogen levels have peaked",null,null,null,null,null,null,60]
[]
[null,"What reproductive structures should be present and functioning on the cow's ovary shortly before the time of breeding to maximie the probability of pregnancy?"]
[null,"A) Large pre-ovulatory follicle, no corpus luteum present",null,{"$f":"G38","v":8.7499999999999991E-3},null,null,{"$f":"IF(AITechnique!$H$60=\"\",\"\",IF(J38=\"\",\"\",H38*AITechnique!$H$60))","v":8.7499999999999991E-3},{"$f":"IF(J38=\"\",\"\",CHOOSE(J38,I38,I39,I40,I41,I42)/100)","v":0.6},60,1]
[null,"B) Pre-ovulatory follicle has lysed",null,null,null,null,null,null,20]
[null,"C) From the lysed follicle, a corpus luteum is starting to form",null,null,null,null,null,null,0]
[null,"D) A mature corpus luteum is present, secreting progesterone",null,null,null,null,null,null,0]
[null,"E) The corpus luteum is regressing as the follicle continues to grow",null,null,null,null,null,null,10]